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電子書翻譯
MechanicalDesignProcess
機械設計過程
Created by 40723133, 40723108, 40723143, 40723127,40723144
序章
Before we get started, let’s briefly define what we mean when we talk about an
“electronic product.” It is a product that has a circuit board in it and usually has
some input/output device such as an LCD. Examples of electronic products include
cell phones, digital cameras, and ultrasonic toothbrushes.
在開始之前，我們先簡單地定義當我們談論一個“電子產品”時，它代表的是其中裝有電路板的產品，通常具有一些輸入/輸出設備，例如LCD。電子產品的例子包括手機、數位相機、超聲波牙刷。
An electronic product enclosure is an item that surrounds and supports the circuit
board. The enclosure is what makes the device usable to the consumer. The enclosure is necessary for a number of reasons – to protect the electronics (the circuit board and LCD) from the environment or from a physical jolt (such as dropping the product).
電子產品外殼是包圍並支撐電路的物件。外殼能讓消費者使用這個產品。外殼
的樣子來自各種原因，但是最必要的是保護電子設備（電路板和LCD），防止電子設備板從環境或物理顛簸（例如掉落產品）損毀。
The enclosure provides access to input information to the device, via keys or buttons perhaps, and allows information to be transferred from the device. The enclosure provides structure so that the circuit board logic is supported and protected.
Examples of some very effective product enclosures that have been developed inrecent years are the Apple iPhone 7 or the HP Spectre laptop computer (both, circa
2016).
機盒可通過按鍵或按鈕訪問設備的輸入信息也許，並允許從設備傳輸信息。外殼提供結構，以便支持和保護電路板邏輯。近年來出現的是Apple iPhone 7或HP Spectre筆記本電腦（兩者都是在2016年的產品）都是已開發出一些非常有效的產品外殼的案例。
In essence, a successful design of an enclosure will be the one in which the design has conformed to the product’s written specification (spec) and has been done within the cost and time parameters that were set.
從本質上講，一種成功的外殼設計將是設計已符合產品的書面規格（spec），並且能在設定的成本和時間參數內完成。
Chapter 4
Materials and Processes
Now that we have the structural foundation for the design, we’ll actually start this chapter with a “return to basics.” We’ve already touched upon the need to define and then conform to the product specification, but now we’ll return to cost consider-ations of the design. The choice of material and process for the individual parts that make up the assembly will get the designer also thinking about the assembly and servicing of the product.
現在我們已經有了設計的結構基礎，我們將開始實際本章的“回歸基礎”。我們已經談到了定義和然後遵循產品規格，但現在我們將回到成本考慮因素，設計方案。選擇組成裝配體的各個零件的材料和過程將獲得設計師還考慮了產品的組裝和維修。
4.1 Cost Versus Time Versus Specification 成本與時間對規格
This chapter will start with a return to the basic consideration of the design, and that is an emphasis on the cost being the deciding factor (ultimately) in the decision to make one choice over another in the design process.
本章將從返回設計的基本考慮開始，強調成本是最終做出決定的決定性因素在設計過程中一個選擇勝過另一個選擇。
All of this really still goes back to cost because it could have been determined (by the project management) that the overall cost is minimized by a “two-stage” product release (above).
開發過程的後期所有這一切實際上仍要歸還成本，因為它可以確定項目管理）通過“兩階段”產品將總成本降至最低釋放（以上）。
The overall sales, from the beginning of product release to the end of product life, will be increased by this methodology. The concept of the tooling needed for the project, and at what stage it is required, was explored in the section on Engineering Economy in Chap. 1.
從產品發佈到結束的整體銷售這種方法將延長產品壽命。工具的概念本節探討了項目所需的內容以及所需的階段。第一章工程經1。
The cost can also be broken down into several time frames, such as：
成本也可以細分為多個時間範圍，例如：
1.開發成本（直到首次交付給客戶）
2.產品的持續生產成本：材料/組裝/間接費用
3.生產後的服務和保修成本
4.報廢費用，例如回收利用
1.What are the acceptance criteria for the design? (How do I know if I succeeded? Really?)
設計的驗收標準是什麼？（我怎麼知道我成功了？是嗎？）
It is usually in a canonical form, which can be formal or informal. The design should strive to standardize acceptance standards, so this is completely transparent to the project team.
通常是規範的形式，可以是正式的或 非正式的。設計應致力於規範接受標準，因此 這對於項目團隊是完全透明的。
- What is the design budget in US dollars?
以美元計算的設計預算是多少？
- What is the project schedule for each part related to the entire product?
與整個產品相關的各個部分的項目進度表是什麼？
All of the above is very important for choosing the following：
以上所有內容對於選擇以下內容非常重要：
- Material of each part.
各個零件的材料。
- The process required to produce the above parts.
生產上述零件所需的過程。
- Assembly procedures required to assemble the above parts.
組裝上述零件所需的組裝程序。
- Test procedures required to test the above parts and components.
測試上述零件和組件所需的測試程序。
- Develop quality control procedures to ensure that parts and components are produced and assembled to specifications.
制定質量控製程序以確保零件和組件的生產 並按照規格組裝。
- Meet service (expected or unexpected) requirements. This will appear repeatedly in Chaps.
滿足服務（預期或意外）要求。 這將在Chaps中反復出現。
4.2 The Designer’s Mind Space 設計師的思維空間
The designer has to “think ahead.” When faced with designing an electronic enclo-sure, here are some things that go on in the mind of a designer, hopefully, all at the same time.
設計師必須“先思考”。面對設計電子外殼時當然，這是設計師心目中發生的一些事情，希望這些都是同一時間。
I consider these the following questions to be “ever-present” in the designer’s head, which is why I use the term “designer’s mind space”to describe these ever-present questions：
我認為以下這些問題是“呈現在設計師的腦海中，這就是為什麼我使用術語“設計師的思維空間”描述這些永遠存在的問題：
- How big?
多大？
- How many parts are needed to accomplish purpose?
完成目標需要多少部分？
- Has this (or a slight variation) been done before? Here, or at another company?
之前（是否做過一些改動）? 在這裡或在另一家公司?
- How has the product purpose been accomplished by the competition?
是否曾經做過（或稍作改動）?在這裡，還是在另一家公司?競爭如何實現產品目的?
- What is the “user interface,” that is, how will the customer use this product (but-tons/displays/lights/doors/connections for power, input, and output)?
什麼是“用戶界面”，即客戶將如何使用該產品（噸/顯示器/燈/門/電源，輸入和輸出的連接）?
- I am designing this portion of the product, what are the other portions that I am not (directly) responsible for?
我正在設計產品的這一部分，我還需要其他哪些部分?
4.3 Materials and Process Choice 材料和工藝選擇
Once a designer has designed a part, the designer must determine the “best” Cost (Chpt4) way for that part to be produced. The general items to be determined for each part are：
設計人員設計完零件後，必須確定“最佳”成本生產該零件的方式。要確定的一般項目每個部分是：
- The material of the part.
零件的材料。
- Finish required for the part (see next section).
零件需要的表面處理（請參閱下一節）。
- Dimensional accuracy needed for the part.
零件所需的尺寸精度。
- The process by which that part will be produced (perhaps one process for early needs, prototyping, and preproduction of parts and a different process for mature production of the parts).
生產零件的過程（也許是早期需求的一個過程，原型設計，零件的預生產以及成熟的原型的不同過程零件的還原）。
- Quantity needed for the part (say, per quarter, per month, per year).
零件所需的數量（例如，每季度，每月，每年）。
- Second operations needed for the part (beyond finishing).
零件需要的第二次操作（超出精加工）。
- Cost requirements for the part.
零件的成本要求。
The designer should choose a material that will satisfy (meet or exceed)：
設計者應選擇滿足要求的材料
1.Strength requirements強度要求
2.Weight requirements重量要求
3.Reliability requirements可靠性要求
4.Regulatory requirements法規要求
5.Safety requirements安全要求
6.Thermal requirements散熱要求
7.Shielding requirements (EMI/RFI)屏蔽要求（EMI / RFI）
8.Compatibility requirements for metals (galvanic corrosion)
金屬的兼容性要求（電腐蝕）
9.Elastic requirements (durometer)彈性要求（硬度計）
10.Conductive (or insulating) requirements導電（或絕緣）要求
11.Opaqueness requirements不透明要求
12.Wear requirements磨損要求
13. Aesthetical requirements (touch, visual)審美要求（觸覺，視覺）
14.Acoustical requirements聲學要求
15.Ultraviolet (UV) transmission and resistance requirements
紫外線（UV）傳輸和電阻要求
Once the material choice is made, it must be fully specified, that is, specified so that it will be unambiguous on the part specification.
做出材料選擇後，必須指定這在零件規格上將是明確的。
Materials and finishes are usually specified to some standard such as ASTM, MIL-standard (US government), or international standards such as ISO/IEC.
使用的材料和表面處理合某些標準，例如ASTM，MIL標準（美國政府）或國際標準，例如ISO / IEC。
There must also be in place some method-ology of assuring (through standard quality control procedures) that the material specified is the material being fabricated into the final part.
還必須有一些方法-保證（通過標準質量控製程序）的材料規格最終是將材料製成最終零件。
4.4 Finishes and Coatings 面漆和塗料
All of the choices made when selecting a material (previous selection) are directly“coupled” with the choice of finish for that material. Practically all engineered parts need a finish. There would be some exceptions to this, for example, a “sculpture”(artwork) or building façade that is intended to corrode (and have a “corroded”look). The designer will be specifying both a material and a finish to every part they design.
選擇材料時所做的選擇都直接與該材料的表面處理選擇“耦合”。幾乎所有工程零件都需要完成。 對此會有一些例外，例如“雕塑”。設計師將為每個零件指定材料和飾面設計。
Finishes (including coatings in the broad sense) are required to：
面漆（包括廣義的塗料）必須
- Strength requirements 強度要求
- Weight requirements 重量要求
- Reliability requirements 可靠性要求
- Regulatory requirements 法規要求
- Safety requirements 安全要求
- Thermal requirements 散熱要求
- Shielding requirements (EMI/RFI) 屏蔽要求（EMI / RFI）
- Compatibility requirements for metals (galvanic corrosion)
金屬的兼容性要求（電腐蝕）
- Elastic requirements (durometer) 彈性要求（硬度計）
- Conductive (or insulating) requirements 導電（或絕緣）要求
- Opaqueness requirements 不透明要求
- Wear requirements 磨損要求
- Aesthetical requirements (touch, visual) 審美要求（觸覺，視覺）
- Acoustical requirements 聲學要求
- Ultraviolet (UV) transmission and resistance requirements
紫外線（UV）傳輸和電阻要求
- Retard corrosion in storage (from fabricator, to assembler, to customer) or in final usage by the customer.
延緩腐蝕（從製造商，組裝商到客戶）或在倉庫中腐蝕客戶的最終使用權。
- Appearance (aesthetics). 外觀（美學）。
- In the case of bonded connections, the protective coating will actually be omitted (masked). For such areas, moisture entrance must be prevented by forced ventilation or adequate sealing.
對於鍵合連接，實際上將省略保護塗層。對於此類區域，必須通過強制通風或適當密封來防止水分進入。
darted and calling out an existing specification(標準化並提出現有規範)：
Saves time in that standards already exist that are “universally” accepted.
節省時間，因為已經存在“普遍”接受的標準。
Suppliers already have these processes in place to economically produce these finishes.
供應商已經具備了這些流程，可以經濟地生產這些飾面。
The finish can be checked (verified by the specifier) using acceptable, in-place quality control procedures.
可以使用可接受的就地質量控製程序來檢查（由指定者驗證）表面光潔度。
4.5 Punching and Forming Metals 沖孔和成形金屬
The basic processes by which metals are punched, notched, formed, and bent has changed in recent years. Contemporary fabrication is done on CNC (computer-ized numerical controlled) multi-axis machines or high-speed strippet punch presses.
近年來，金屬沖壓，開槽，成形和彎曲的基本過程發生了變化。當代製造是在CNC上完成的（計算機數控）多軸機床或高速帶式沖床。
Multi-axis spindle machines are commonplace in today’s fabrication environment. The term “5-axis” is typically referring to the ability of a CNC machine to move a part of a tool on five different axes at the same time.
在當今的製造環境中，多軸主軸機床是公司常見的。術語“ 5軸”通常是指CNC機床的能力在五個不同的軸上同時移動零件或工具。
5-axis machining centers can rotate on two additional rotary axes (A and B) which help the cutting tool approach the part from all directions.
5軸加工中心可以在另外兩個旋轉軸（A和B）上旋轉，幫助切削工具從各個方向接近零件。
As with all fabrication techniques, the more the designer is familiar with the machine and machining process, the better the design will be Cost (Chpt4).
所有製造技術一樣，設計師對機器和加工過程中，設計的成本將更好（Chpt4）。
I’ve included a section on Sheet Metal Practices in Appendix. These show very common practices of bending and punching metal that sheet metal fabricators use and are commonly found in corporate drafting standard manuals.
我在附錄中包含了有關鈑金實踐的部分。這些顯示非常鈑金製造商使用的彎曲和沖壓金屬的常用做法通常可以在公司起草標準手冊中找到。
4.6 Molding Plastics 成型塑料
A designer of electronic enclosures must have a solid knowledge of the plastic molding process and how to design plastic parts.
電子外殼的設計師必須對塑料模具具有紮實的知識，過程以及如何設計塑料零件。
With an understanding of injection molding tooling, the following six concepts will help in the design of injection molded parts:
在了解注射成型工具的情況下，以下六個概念將有助於注射成型零件的設計
The idea of the draft needed to eject the part from the mold.
拔模的想法需要將零件從模具中彈出。
The location of the main gate (or “sprue”) that will “inject” plastic into the mold.
將塑料“注入”到模具中的主澆口（或“澆口”）的位置。
The idea of “mold flow” needs to be well understood.
“模具流動”的概念需要很好地理解。
If “undercuts” are required by the part, the tooling will show how this is to be achieved (and how much this can complicate the mold).
如果零件需要“底切”，則模具將顯示如何進行加工。達到的效果（以及使模具複雜化的度）。
The mold “parting line” as shown in the tooling is a reflection of the part design and thus shows the difficulties with those designs.模具中所示的模具“分型線”反映了零件設計從而顯示出這些設計的困難。
One of the biggest advantages of molded plastic parts is the second part it does not need. The operation becomes a finished part (compared to "similar" metal parts). usually, Molded plastic parts do not require cosmetic painting on the outside. Most Plastic parts eventually have a molded texture on the outside his is usually achieved by etching the mold with a "texture pattern".
模製塑料零件的最大優點之一是它不需要的第二個零件操作成為成品零件（與“類似”金屬零件相比）。 通常，模製塑料部件不需要在外部進行美容噴漆。 大多數塑料零件最終在外部具有模壓紋理
通常通過用“紋理圖案”蝕刻模具來實現。
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